Artificial intelligence market in China in 2025

Introduction

Attention! The material was prepared using artificial intelligence technologies.

Strategic value for business leaders

This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the state and prospects of the artificial intelligence market in the People's Republic of China for the period 2024-2025 with forecasts up to 2030. Its practical value for managers and owners of companies lies in the following key aspects:

1. Understanding the competitive landscape

The article reveals the structure of the Chinese AI ecosystem, describes the leading players (from technology giants Alibaba, Baidu, Tencent to promising startups), their strategies and investments. This is critical for companies that want to:

• assess the threat of competition from Chinese AI solutions.

• identify opportunities for partnership or licensing agreements with Chinese developers.

• understand what technological approaches (multi-modal models, open-source initiatives, hybrid architectures) they are becoming the industry standard.

2. Investment and operational insights

The article contains up-to-date information about:

• the volume of investment in AI in China (84-98 billion US dollars in 2025);

• market growth rates (20-34% annually, in the generative AI segment — 46.57%);

• Computing infrastructure development trajectories, including the EDWC (Eastern Data — Western Computing) initiative.

• the number and status of AI companies (more than 4,300 companies, 70-75 unicorns).

For company managers, this information is a guide for:

• drawing up multi-year strategic plans that take into account the growing market size and availability of AI tools;

• R&D planning and budget allocation for technological development;

• assessment of the investment attractiveness of the AI segment.

3. Practical models and support mechanisms

The article describes China's systematic approach to AI development, including:

• state programs ("AI+", "1397") with specific targets and stages;

• infrastructure initiatives (eight national computing hubs, specialized parks, accelerators);

• financial mechanisms (state venture funds, grant programs, conditions for IPOs).

For Russian and foreign executives, this serves as a model for adaptation within their companies and countries:

• how to create internal AI competence centers and invest in computing infrastructure;

• how to create partnerships with universities and research centers for training personnel;

• how to develop multi-level strategies for implementing AI in operational processes (production, sales, analytics, customer support).

4. Personnel and organizational conclusions

The material shows that China provides mass training in AI competencies (the target audience is 10 million specialists by 2030), integrates AI literacy into school curricula, and creates new career paths. This is important for managers who:

• They plan to prepare their own teams for the AI era.

• they want to understand what professional roles will be in demand.

• they are looking for models of continuous learning and adaptation to technological changes.

5. Export risks and opportunities

Analysis of technological bans (US sanctions, restrictions on the export of microprocessors) shows that China is actively developing its own microelectronics. For CEOs, this is a signal about:

• the need to consider domestic and friendly alternatives to American solutions;

• opportunities to export AI technologies to developing countries using China's strategies;

• the importance of carefully monitoring the regulatory environment in the field of AI.

Recommendations for using the material

The article is suitable for studying:

• C-level managers (general directors, deputy directors).chief Technology Officer) for strategic planning and positioning of the company against the background of the global AI economy;

• Heads of IT and R&D departments to select technology platforms and architectures, adapt to ecosystem trends;

• HR managers for planning HR policy, selecting specialists, and organizing training;

• Analysts and consultants involved in digital transformation and strategic planning;

• Investors and owners of companies to assess investment opportunities and risks.

Table of contents

• Introduction

• The scale and dynamics of the artificial intelligence market in China

• Leading manufacturers of computing equipment and promising startups

• Software developers: basic models and application solutions

• Infrastructure programs and industry support: national clusters, research centers, accelerators

• Geography and structure of innovation ecosystems

• Development prospects for the period up to 2030

• Applications

• Conclusions and recommendations

• List of sources and files to download

Introduction

Artificial intelligence has become one of the key areas of the state strategy for technological development in the People's Republic of China. By 2025, the national artificial intelligence industry is demonstrating accelerated development, forming a sustainable ecosystem that covers both industrial and scientific segments. Chinese corporations integrate artificial intelligence solutions into corporate, government, and consumer services, while the government provides multi-faceted support for the development of computing infrastructure, the creation of research clusters, and the promotion of new technology companies.

The deep industrialization of artificial intelligence is accompanied by the construction of specialized data centers, the development of proprietary microprocessor technologies, the introduction of high-performance cloud solutions, and the formation of research alliances. An important aspect is the support of innovative startups, as well as the promotion of open models of artificial intelligence and open software. This article analyzes the key aspects of the development of the artificial intelligence market in China, describes the leading players and demonstrates the directions of state policy that ensure the country's leadership in the global technology race.

Also, within the framework of AI development in China, there are strategic development plans. For example, the plan of the State Council of the People's Republic of China "AI+", as well as the strategy "1397", which was formulated in Zhejiang Lab (based in China AI TownTown in Hangzhou).

Scale and dynamics of the artificial intelligence market in China

The artificial intelligence market in the People's Republic of China is showing rapid expansion, becoming a critical sector of the national economy and the country's technological strategy. As of 2024-2025, the Chinese artificial intelligence industry is experiencing an intense growth phase, characterized by massive technology adoption, increased computing power, the creation of a broad ecosystem of players, and unprecedented government support.

Market size and economic contribution

The size of the artificial intelligence market in China has reached significant levels by 2024. According to various analytical estimates, the volume of the Chinese market ranged from US $ 21.9 billion to US $ 29.0 billion in 2024. Forecasts for the coming years indicate a dynamic expansion: by 2031, the market can grow to 219 billion US dollars, and by 2032-2033, it can reach the range from 202 to 327 billion US dollars. This corresponds to an average annual growth rate of 20-34 percent, which is significantly higher than in many other sectors of the national economy.

The generative artificial intelligence segment is developing particularly rapidly. In 2025, its volume is estimated at US $ 11.46 billion, with a projected increase to US $ 113.61 billion by 2031, with an average annual growth rate of 46.57 percent. Chinese experts predict that by 2035, the economic contribution of generative artificial intelligence to the country's gross domestic product will reach 30 trillion yuan, equivalent to about 4.2 trillion US dollars. Goldman Sachs estimates that artificial intelligence could add between 0.2 and 0.3 percentage points to China's gross domestic product annually by 2030, offsetting slowing productivity growth and demographic challenges. Morgan Stanley predicts that artificial intelligence can create the equivalent of a labor value of 6.7 trillion yuan (about 930 billion U.S. dollars), representing 4.7 percent of China's gross domestic product at 2024 levels.​

Investments and capital expenditures

Capital investment in the artificial intelligence industry is showing impressive dynamics. According to Bank of America, total AI investment in China in 2025 could reach between $ 84 billion and $ 98 billion, representing an increase of up to 48 percent from the previous year. Government investment plays a central role, accounting for up to 400 billion yuan (56 billion U.S. dollars) of total capital expenditures. Major Internet companies contribute an additional 172 billion yuan (US $ 24 billion), while telecommunications operators and specialty bonds cover the remainder of the investment program.​

From 2000 to 2023, state-owned venture funds invested $ 184 billion in more than 20,000 AI-related transactions. Despite a significant amount of domestic funding, private investment in artificial intelligence in China in 2024 amounted to 9.3 billion US dollars, which is significantly lower than the US figure of 109.1 billion US dollars. In the field of generative artificial intelligence, the gap is even more pronounced: investment in the United States exceeded the combined figures of China, the European Union and the United Kingdom by 25.4 billion US dollars.​

Technology penetration and adoption rate

China has one of the highest adoption rates of artificial intelligence in the world. According to a survey by SAS and Coleman Parkes Research, 83 percent of Chinese professionals reported using generative artificial intelligence in 2024, which is significantly higher than the US average (65 percent) and the global average (54 percent). According to a report by the China Internet Network Information Center, the number of generative artificial intelligence users in China reached 515 million by June 2025, which corresponds to a penetration rate of 36.5 percent of the population. Notably, in the first half of 2025, the user base grew by 266 million people, doubling in six months at a growth rate of 106.6 percent.

At the corporate level, the introduction of artificial intelligence is also gaining momentum. As of the beginning of 2025, most Chinese enterprises were in the process of testing generative artificial intelligence or investing in related technologies, with a significant proportion of companies already using artificial intelligence solutions and planning to expand their application. More than 90 percent of Chinese users prefer domestic large models.​

Industry structure and application

Artificial intelligence is being actively integrated into key segments of the Chinese economy. Among the most dynamic areas are manufacturing, retail, telecommunications and healthcare. The manufacturing sector is implementing AI-enabled robotic systems, digital twins, and intelligent quality control systems for industries such as electric vehicle manufacturing, aerospace, and biomedicine. By mid-2025, more than 350 large language models have been registered in China, covering financial technology, medicine and healthcare, education, intelligent manufacturing, content creation, and enterprise services.​

The structure of technologies and components is still dominated by services, which are the largest and fastest-growing segment of artificial intelligence in China. At the same time, hardware remains a significant segment of information and communication technologies, accounting for 43.2 percent of the market in 2024, while software shows the highest growth rates with a projected average annual increase of 10.4 percent.

Computing infrastructure and capacities

China is intensively increasing computing resources to support the development of artificial intelligence. As of June 2024, the country has accumulated 26 percent of the world's computing power. Smart computing power is projected to grow by 43 percent in 2025, while an average annual growth rate of 46.2 percent is expected between 2023 and 2028, significantly outpacing general-purpose computing power (18.8 percent). China's total computing power is growing by about 30 percent annually, thanks to massive investments in data centers and microprocessor technologies.​

International position and leadership

China occupies a leading position in the global artificial intelligence landscape in a number of key indicators. The country holds 74.7 percent of the world's artificial intelligence patents, filing four times as many applications as the US in 2022, and six times as many between 2014 and 2023. By April 2025, China had filed 1.576 million patent applications related to artificial intelligence, representing 38.58 percent of the global total — the highest in the world. In the field of generative artificial intelligence, Chinese inventors filed 38,210 patent applications between 2014 and 2023.

China also leads the open AI models segment and is home to a significant proportion of top researchers: 47 percent of the world's top AI specialists are based in China. At the national level, there are over 4,300 artificial intelligence companies with a total value of more than $ 70 billion. As of mid-2025, China has between 70 and 75 unicorn startups in the field of artificial intelligence, making the country the second largest hub for such companies after the United States. The total number of unicorn companies in China exceeds 150, with a combined valuation of more than 500 billion US dollars.​

Registration and regulation of models

China has implemented a unique registration system for generative algorithmic tools. As of April 2025, the Cyberspace Administration of China registry contained 3,739 registered generative algorithmic tools from approximately 2,353 unique companies, with the number of entries increasing by 250-300 positions monthly. More than 50 percent of the registered tools are basic models, reflecting the diversity and fragmentation of the Chinese artificial intelligence landscape, where hundreds of companies-from tech giants to startups and state-owned enterprises-create their own large language models, image generators and multimodal systems.​

Prospects up to 2030

By 2030, China aims to achieve global leadership in artificial intelligence. It is planned that the main branch of artificial intelligence will reach a volume of about 140 billion US dollars, while taking into account related sectors, the total contribution may reach up to 1.4 trillion US dollars. The adoption rate of artificial intelligence is projected to be over 30 percent by 2030, with a subsequent peak in the early 2030s and reaching full penetration in subsequent years. Strategic priorities include the development of humanoid robotics, where by 2050 the global market could reach $ 5 trillion with a billion units in use, 30 percent of which will be based in China.​

Leading manufacturers of computing equipment and promising startups

The Chinese market for computing equipment for artificial intelligence is being formed in the face of unprecedented pressure from export restrictions from the United States and the strategic imperative of technological independence. As a result, the country has developed a diversified ecosystem of manufacturers — from leading national corporations to ambitious technology startups seeking to create a full-fledged alternative to microprocessor solutions from NVIDIA and other Western suppliers.

Huawei and the Ascend family: the leader of the domestic computing infrastructure

Huawei Technologies occupies a dominant position among Chinese developers of artificial intelligence microprocessors thanks to the Ascend line of chips, which has become the basic platform for many national projects in the field of artificial intelligence.

Cambricon: specialized developer of artificial intelligence accelerators

Компания CambriconCambricon Technologies, founded in 2016, is a "pure player" in the field of artificial intelligence microprocessors, focused on developing accelerators for learning and inference in cloud data centers. The company is the only Chinese public manufacturer of artificial intelligence chips that is not associated with the development of central processing units or general-purpose graphics solutions.​

According to experts, the technological level of Cambricon chips Cambriconlags behind equivalent NVIDIA solutions by about four to five years, but the company focuses on cost efficiency and guaranteed availability for the domestic Chinese market. In 2024, Cambricon recorded its first operating profit in the entire history of its existence against the background of explosive growth in demand for domestic accelerators. The company's shares rose 383 percent during 2024, making it one of China's most successful public companies, with an additional 20 percent increase in August 2025 following DeepSeek's announcement DeepSeekof support for "next-generation domestically produced"chips.​

Cambricon transferred production from TSMC to SMIC factories for the long-range process after the introduction of US sanctions, while the current capacity is over 30 thousand plates per month with a planned increase to 100 thousand plates per month by 2026. The strategic partnership with ByteDance allows the company to position itself as a key provider of artificial intelligence infrastructure in China.​

Biren Technology: an ambitious contender for the role of "Chinese NVIDIA"

Компания Biren Technology, founded in 2019 by Zhang Wen, a veteran of the semiconductor industry, is positioned as one of the most promising developers of graphics processors for artificial intelligence tasks.

The company raised RMB1.5 billion (US $ 207 million) in June 2025 with participation from state funds in Guangdong Province and Shanghai, and is preparing for an initial public offering in Hong Kong. Biren has raised over US $ 780 million in eight funding rounds, a significant portion of which was provided by the HongShan Venture Capital Fund (formerly Sequoia China). In October 2023, the company was added to the Entity List by the US Department of Commerce, which restricted access to American technologies.​

Moore Threads: a pioneer in the field of universal GPUs

Компания Moore Threads Technology, founded in October 2020 by Zhang Jianzhong, former Global Vice president of NVIDIA and head of the company's China division, has become the first domestic developer of "full-featured" GPUs. The company attracted funding from Shenzhen Capital Group, GGV Capital, Sequoia Capital China, ByteDance and Tencent in its first year of existence.​

For the artificial intelligence segment, the company announced the MCCX D800 servers and MTT S5000 accelerators. In June 2025, Moore Threads filed for an initial public offering on the STAR Market of the Shanghai Stock Exchange with the goal of raising eight billion yuan (about 1.12 billion US dollars), receiving approval in just 88 days — one of the fastest processes in the history of the platform. For the period 2022-2024, the company accumulated losses of over five billion yuan on revenue of 609 million yuan. In October 2023, Moore Threads was also added to Entitythe US Department of Commerce's Entity List.​

MetaX Integrated Circuits: a startup with a team from AMD

Founded MetaX Integrated Circuitsin September 2020 in the Lingang Free Economic Zone in Shanghai, MetaX Integrated Circuits specializes in the development of high-performance general-purpose graphics processors for artificial intelligence and cloud computing tasks. Founder and CEO Chen Weiliang, as well as key team members, previously worked for the US-based AMD Corporation, with an average of almost 20 years of experience in the GPU industry.​

Since its inception, MetaX has raised funding in five rounds, including one billion yuan (US $ 153.8 million) in a Series A round in August 2021 with the participation of the China Structural Reform Fund and China Internet Investment Fund, and one billion yuan in a pre-B round in July 2022.  Investors include Lightspeed China Partners, Sequoia China, Matrix Partners China, Chaos Investment and Guosheng Group. In 2024, the company filed over 210 patent applications, receiving approval for more than 120, of which 97 percent are inventions.​

In January 2025, MetaX filed for an initial public offering on the STAR Market to raise 3.9 billion yuan (US $ 540 million) and completed the IPO advisory process in June 2025. During the period 2022-2024, the company sold more than 25,000 GPUs, generating revenue of 1.1 billion yuan with accumulated losses of about 3.3 billion yuan.​

Iluvatar CoreX: a developer with a unique hybrid architecture

Компания Iluvatar CoreXFounded in December 2015 in Nanjing (according to other sources — in Shanghai), Iluvatar CoreX specializes in creating high-performance general-purpose graphics processors optimized for artificial intelligence and deep learning tasks.

A distinctive feature of the Iluvatar product line Iluvataris the Core X chip with a unique hybrid architecture that combines elements of traditional central processing units and specialized artificial intelligence cores, which allows you to efficiently handle a wide range of tasks from robotics to autonomous vehicles and real-time analytics. As of 2024, the company employed approximately 300 employees, and the total amount of funding raised exceeded 334 million US dollars, which provided an estimate of over one billion US dollars and unicorn status.

In August 2025, information appeared about Iluvatar's plans to conduct an initial public offering in Hong Kong amid growing investor interest in Chinese manufacturers of artificial intelligence chips. The company has established partnerships with many startups and research institutes, and has integrated its solutions with computing resource management platforms such as RiseUnion's Rise VASTRiseUnion.

Hygon Information Technology: developer of universal DCU processors and accelerators

Компания HygonHygon Information Technology specializes in developing Deep Computing Unit processors and accelerators for artificial intelligence, deep learning, and intensive numerical computing.

The company actively integrates its solutions into the AI management ecosystem, certifying compatibility with the Rise VAST platform for efficient distribution and planning of computing resources in heterogeneous environments. In September 2025, Hygon announced the configuration of DCU accelerators for "instant" deployment of the new DeepSeek-V3.2-Exp model via the DTK software stack. Hygon products are used in the financial, telecommunications and energy industries, and are also shown at international exhibitions as part of the "One Belt, One Road"initiative.​

Production base: SMIC and capacity expansion plans

The key manufacturing partner for most Chinese developers of artificial intelligence chips is Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation, which is the only Chinese manufacturer capable of mass production using the семинанометровомуnanometer process technology. As of the end of 2025, conservative estimates of SMIC's total capacity for advanced technology nodes (seven nanometers or less) are 45,000 wafers per month, with a planned increase to 60,000 in 2026 and 80,000 in 2027.

According to a report by the Financial Times, SMIC plans to doubleits nanometer manufacturing capacityin 2026, with Huawei remaining the largest customer. China aims to triple its total AI processor output by 2026, with one factory specializing in Huawei chips expected to start operating by the end of 2025, and two additional factories in 2026, with combined capacity potentially exceeding current volumes of comparable SMIC lines. The expansion will allow smaller manufacturers such as Cambricon, MetaX and Birento secure larger shares of SMIC capacity and increase competition in the fast-growing domestic market.

The current capacity for the nanometer process is estimated at approximately 30 thousand wafers per month, which, with conservative estimates of yield and distribution, allows us to support the production of several million Ascend crystals annually. SMIC's factory occupancy rate for the second quarter of 2025 was about 92.5 percent, up 2.9 percentage points from the previous quarter, reflecting strong domestic demand, with revenue from Chinese customers reaching 84 percent of total revenue.

Funding and listing trends

In the face of increasing trade restrictions and the need to scale up research and development, Chinese manufacturers of artificial intelligence chips are actively using public capital markets to provide long-term financing. Global investment in artificial intelligence chip startups exceeded US $ 11.6 billion in 2025, with Chinese company Enflame Technology raising US $ 700 million in public-private investment rounds.​

February 2025 was marked by a sharp increase in investment by Chinese corporations in domestic startups in the field of semiconductors and artificial intelligence: 42 corporate funding rounds were recorded, which is 27 percent more compared to January, and 11 of them were in the information technology sector. Investments came from technology leaders such as Tencent, Baidu, Ant Group, and Lenovo, as well as Korea's Samsung. Investments in semiconductor startups hit a two-year high, with eight of the 18 total deals coming from China.​

The phenomenon of initial public offerings of Chinese manufacturers of artificial intelligence chips in 2025 demonstrates a systemic transformation of the industry: despite accumulated billions of dollars in losses and lack of profitability, companies receive accelerated regulatory approval and significant investor interest in the context of the strategic imperative of technological independence. The introduction of DeepSeek models thatrequire less computing resources has opened up new opportunities for domestic manufacturers in the inference segment historically dominated by NVIDIA, but at the same time increased competition by reducing technological barriers to entry.

Software Developers: Basic models and application solutions

In artificial intelligence software, the Chinese market is represented by a broad ecosystem of developers of foundationmodels and companies that create application solutions based on them. The key features are the competition of the "big five" providers of basic models, the rapid growth in the number of commercial models and the active development of open-source initiatives.

The "Big five" providers of foundationmodels

Alibaba (Qwen)

The Qwen platform includes a family of models from light Qwen-7B to large Qwen-174B that support multi-modality (text, image, code) and cloud services adapted to the tasks of e-commerce and business automation.​

Baidu (ERNIE)

The ERNIE series covers language, visual, and multimodal models that use specialized Knowledge Enhanced Learning and Retrieval Augmented Generation architectures. ERNIE-3.0 Titan (260 billion parameters) is used in the company's financial, medical, and cloud products.​

Tencent (Hunyuan)

The Hunyuan model was developed in collaboration with Tsinghua University, supports multi-modal input and is used in Tencentthe Tencent Cloud AI service, integrating into gaming, entertainment and educational applications.​

ByteDance (Doubao/Agent)

Dubao's basic models Doubao(up to 70 billion parameters) are optimized for generating content and creating intelligent agents. ByteDance actively promotes them in its media and advertising platforms, offering a flexible subscription API model.

Zhipu AI (GLM)

The GLM (General Language Model) series includes the GLM-130B and GLM-10B models, which are characterized by efficient learning through auto-encoders and auto-decoders. Zhipu actively develops the open-source direction, releasing lightweight versions of models for research communities.

Provider scale and competition

By the beginning of 2025, more than 200 commercial foundation models are registered in China, which creates intense competition and encourages specialization by industry. The concentration of the market around the "big five" ensures standardization and quality, but niche startups benefit from innovations in multimodality, response speed, and cost of ownership.​

Open-source and independent laboratories

Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence (BAAI) publishes the FlagAI library FlagAIwith support for distributed learning and multimodal frameworks.​

Shanghai AI Lab produces open models for computer vision and robotics, focusing on research compatibility and industrial applications.​

Independent initiatives such as PaddlePaddle от Baidu's PaddlePaddle, MindSporeHuawei's MindSpore, and PaddleOCRoffer well-developed ecosystems for developing and deploying custom models.

Application solutions and services

Corporate assistants and chatbots

DeepSeek Assistant is a solution for automating internal processes and big business analytics with the ability to fine-tune corporate data.

MiniMax AI-a platform for creating virtual agents in client-oriented scenarios (user support, HR bots, intelligent FAQ).

Content and Media generation

ByteDance Dubao is used to automatically generate advertising texts, video scripts, and product descriptions on the Toutiao and Douyin platforms.

SenseTime Open Platform is a multi-modal model for image, video, and audio synthesis using GAN architectures and diffusionmethods.

Industry-specific solutions

Ant Group AI SDK — tools for the financial sector: credit scoring, fraud detection, automated regulatory compliance.

iFlytek AI Suite — solutions for education and healthcare: automatic speech recognition, translation, and intelligent learning platforms.

Huawei Cloud EI is a platform for the industrial Internet of Things and smart factories, including predictive maintenance modules and digital twins.

Promising startups

Moonshot AI specializes in reasoningmodules and dynamic planning for logistics and robotics, attracting investment from Sequoia China and Sinovation Ventures.

Langmind offers solutions for semantic search and a combined QA engine with LLM integration, and actively cooperates with major e-commerce corporations.

ColaView is a computer vision startup developing an open-source framework for analyzing industrial images and videos.

YiLabs focuses on small language models (up to 5 billion parameters) for edgedevices, reducing latency and data transfer volume.

Conclusion

The AI software landscape in China combines the efforts of industry giants and innovative approaches of startups, forming an ecosystem with high competition and a rich open-source infrastructure. The emphasis on application solutions and adaptation of foundationmodels to specific tasks allows us to meet the demand of both the corporate and consumer segments, and state support for research initiatives and clusters contributes to the accelerated development of the industry.

Infrastructure programs and industry support: national clusters, research centers, accelerators

China is creating a powerful infrastructure to accelerate the development of artificial intelligence, combining government programs to increase computing power, form innovative clusters in hub cities, and support startups through accelerators and research centers. This multi-level system covers strategic roadmaps (AI+, 1397), a network of national EDWC hubs, innovation parks, leading research institutes, and dynamic accelerators.

Government strategies and roadmaps

"AI+" of the State Council of the People's Republic of China sets a three-stage roadmap: by 2027—70% penetration of AI agents and elimination of bottlenecks, by 2030-90% and the formation of a "smart economy", by 2035-the onset of a "smart society" based on six application domains (science, industry, consumption social sphere, governance, international cooperation) and eight system pillars (computing, data, human resources, regulation, etc.).

"1397" from Zhejiang Lab is an operational framework: a single strategic goal—intelligent computing, three areas (national sovereignty, scientific breakthroughs, industry innovations) and nine key tasks from international scientific projects to orbital computing and AGI research.

Eastern Data — Western Computing (EDWC)

The Eastern Data-Western Computing initiative aims to balance the energy consumption density between the eastern and western regions of the country, where centralized data centers are being created that can be supplied with renewable energy sources in the western provinces and transmit data from eastern megacities.

The State investment program provides for:

• Formation of 8 national computing hubs by 2025 with a total target capacity of over 300 EFlops.

• Development of a network of backbone optical channels between data centers and data processing centers in the largest cities of China, as well as the integration of energy from Sichuan and Western Europe hydroelectric power stations.

• ·      Attracting local cloud platform operators to jointly manage resource-intensive AI tasks, which reduces the total cost of ownership of data centers by 20-25 percent.

Clusters and industrial parks

Beijing Zhongguancun Science City Cluster (ZGC)

Zonguancun Science City, often referred to as" China's Silicon Valley, " includes several IT parks and themed industrial zones for AI companies. In 2025, the first stage of construction of Zhongguancun AI Park will be completed with a total area of over 350,000 m2 and startup support funds worth 1 billion yuan. On the territory of ZGC are open:

• Chaoyang Industrial AI Park is a platform for large-scale pilot projects with high-performance computing clusters and R&D centers of leading corporations.

• Western Beijing AI Science and Technology Park is a zone for startups and academic laboratories with preferential tax regimes and grant programs.

Shanghai AI Lab Cluster

Shanghai AI Laboratory is a national-level research institute founded in 2019 jointly by the Shanghai government and four leading universities (Fudan, Jiao Tong, Tsinghua and Zhejiang).

The laboratory implements the following programs:

• Open Innovation Program-providing computing power and data for joint projects with industrial partners.

• Talent Program — scholarships and grants for young researchers, including access to SuperPoD infrastructure SuperPoDand TPUs accelerators.

• Industry Collaboration — joint projects with SenseTime, iFlytek and commercial incubators to develop multimodal and robotic solutions.

Hangzhou Cluster China AI Town (Zhejiang Lab)

1. China AI Town was created as a specialized area for AI startups and R&D centers based on Zhejiang Lab, with a total area of 200,000 m2 and infrastructure for piloting computing systems.

2. Zhejiang Lab Institute coordinates the "1397" strategy, supporting smart computing, distributed systems, and orbital computing projects, and organizes thematic accelerators and labs in collaboration with Alibaba Cloud and NetEase.

3. Pilot sites for smart factories and autonomous transport that provide startups with access to real-world testing scenarios and industrial data.

Artificial intelligence research centers

Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence (BAAI)

BAAI is a non-profit academy created with the support of the Beijing government, a platform for developing open base models (FlagAI) and standards in the field of AI security.

Main directions:

• Development of multimodal models and the FlagAI framework FlagAIfor distributed learning on GPU clusters.

• Organization of the annual AIGC Conference to share research results and standardize communication protocols.

• Partnering with Alibaba, Huawei, and Tencent to test and certify foundationmodels for regulatory compliance.

International scientific and educational alliances

China-UK AI Research Center is a joint initiative of Tsinghua University and the University of Oxford to develop secure AI and explicable machine learning.

Sino-US AI Lab Exchange — internship and exchange programs for young researchers supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China and the US NSF.

Accelerators and venture capital programs

ZGC Innovation and Incubation Alliance

• A combination of venture funds and technology corporations in ZGC manages an acceleration program for AI startups, including:

• Pre-seed and seedgrants of up to 5 million yuan for prototyping and pilot projects.

• Access to the computing power of Alibaba Cloud and Huawei Cloud with discounts of up to 70 percent.

• Mentoring programs from experts from Baidu, Tencent, SenseTime and venture funds Sequoia China and Hillhouse Capital.

Plug and Play China

The Chinese division of the global Plug and Play accelerator launches annual batchprograms for AI startups:

• Focus Tracks: Healthcare AI, FinTech AI, Smart Manufacturing AI.

• Demo Day with the participation of the main technology customers and investors of the PRC.

• Corporate Innovation Programs — проекты с Huawei, China Mobile и Industrial and Commercial Bank of China.

Zhongguancun InnoWay

Beijing City Initiative to support venture capital and startups:

• InnoWay Capital venture Fund InnoWaywith a capital of 2 billion yuan.

• Regular pitchsessions and investment forums.

• The program "Integration of production and research" for startups implementing pilots at the enterprises of China National Petroleum Corporation and State Grid.

Enterprise and industry platforms

The China AI Innovation Alliance is a coalition of more than 200 companies, research institutes, and universities to develop standards, share data, and collaborate on R&D initiatives.

AI Accelerator Fund under China Development Bank is a 10 billion yuan fund for long-term financing of AI infrastructure projects and large R&D centers.

Conclusion

The effectiveness of China's integrated approach to the development of artificial intelligence infrastructure lies in the synergy of government programs, academic institutions, innovation clusters and accelerator ecosystems, which allows the country to simultaneously stimulate breakthrough research, scale computing power and support a wide range of technology startups.

Geography and structure of innovation ecosystems

The Chinese artificial intelligence ecosystem is formed in the form of a multi-level network of innovation clusters, hubs and research centers distributed throughout the country. The geography of the system takes into account the economic and energy resources of the regions, and the structure ensures a tight integration of the academy, industry and entrepreneurship.

National Computing Hubs EDWC

As part of the Eastern Data — Western Computing initiative, eight super-clusters are formed, concentrated in the western provinces of Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Tibet, Inner Mongolia, Qinghai, Xinjiang and Gansu. These centers use a surplus of hydro and windpower, and backbone optical networks connect them to the eastern megacities of Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, providing a single resource space.​

Eastern Innovation Triangles

• Beijing Agglomeration: Zhongguancun Science City combines ZGC AI Park, Chaoyang Industrial AI Park and Western Beijing AI Science Park, creating a "Beijing AI Triangle" with Baidu, Huawei and Tsinghua University R&D centers.

• Shanghai Cluster: Shanghai AI Laboratory and neighboring industrial parks (Pudong, Zhaoxun) form a continuum of startups and industrial partners, including SenseTime and iFlytek, supported by Fudan and Jiao Tong Universities.

• Hangzhou cluster China AI Town: Zhejiang Lab-center "1397", with laboratories for" smart factories " and pilot sites Alibaba Cloud, NetEase and Ant Group, forms the western shore of the technology zone of the Yangtze Delta.

Southern and western regional clusters

• Guangzhou-Shenzhen: Clusters in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao area combine Huawei, Tencent research offices and cloud platforms in фристорthe Huanzhou fristorzone, supporting fintech and edge-AI solutions.

• Chengdu-Chongqing: A fast-growing hub in Sichuan and Chongqing that focuses on smart manufacturing and robotics, leveraging EDWC resources and grant programs from the Sichuan Government.

University and academic incubators

• University clusters in Beijing and Shanghai integrate Plug and Play China and ZGC Incubation accelerators, providing students and researchers with seedgrants and access to computing infrastructure.

• Regional universities in Zhejiang, Chongqing, and Hunan are creating mini-cluster laboratories focused on industry-specific applications (biomedicine, agriculture, and smart cities).

Network accelerators and venture platforms

• ZGC Innovation Alliance and Zhongguancun InnoWay manage startup acceleration in Beijing, Shanghai and Hangzhou, enabling companies to quickly scale solutions into national and international projects.

• Plug and Play China and international incubators (Y Combinator, Techstars) together with Chinese funds are investing in regional clusters in Guangdong and Jiangsu.

Digital and physical ecosystems

• Physical: industrial parks, EDWC data centers, R&D clusters at universities and research institutes.

• Digital: Alibaba Cloud, Tencent Cloud, Huawei Cloud and interregional data exchange networks (national data link).

Integration of levels

• Government programs set strategic goals and provide funding for national hubs.

• Regional and city authorities develop clusters and parks, attracting investment and creating favorable conditions.

• Universities and research centers generate technology and talent, while accelerators and foundations turn innovations into commercial products.

Thus, the geography and structure of the Chinese AI innovation ecosystem is a hierarchy of interconnected clusters of various scales, providing an end-to-end chain from basic research to mass adoption and export of technologies.

Development prospects for the period up to 2030

By 2030, China aims to turn artificial intelligence into one of the main drivers of economic and social development, relying on increasing computing power, expanding the developer ecosystem and large-scale implementation in key industries.

Market size and economic impact

• By 2030, the specialized AI market (hardware, software solutions, and services) may exceed $ 200 billion, with an average annual growth of about 25%.

• The combined contribution of AI to China's gross domestic product is projected to be 4-5% annually, equivalent to $ 1-1. 2 trillion over a decade, thanks to automation, increased efficiency, and the creation of new services.​

Development of computing infrastructure

• EDWC capacity will grow to 500 EFlops, including the commissioning of two additional hubs in Gansu and Qinghai, as well as the integration of orbital computing nodes under the 1397 program.

• National super-clusters built by 2027 will provide access to computing for scientists and businesses through cloud services, reducing the barrier to entry for startups and research groups.

Evolution of the developer ecosystem

• The number of commercial foundationmodels will grow from 200 to more than 500, while the "big five" (Alibaba, Baidu, Tencent, ByteDance, Zhipu) will expand the line of multimodal and industry models, and open-source initiatives (FlagAI, InternLM, PaddlePaddle) will become a nationwide platform for joint development and certification.

• Hybrid architectures will appear that complement basic research and create general-purpose platforms for interdisciplinary tasks.

Industrialization and mass adoption

In manufacturing and agriculture, the level of automation will increase to 50-60%, thanks to "smart factories" and precision farming based on AI agents, which will increase overall productivity by 20-30%.

In healthcare and education, AI consultants and VR/AR platforms will serve more than 300 million users, ensuring the availability of remote services and personalized learning.

Development of clusters and regional ecosystems

• Beijing, Shanghai and Hangzhou will remain leaders, while Chengdu-Chongqing and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao will become points of attraction for investment and international partnerships.

• Innovation zones at universities and corporations will receive the status of national laboratories with a special FTA regime and tax-free benefits.

Human resources and international cooperation

• Training of AI specialists will reach over 10 million people by 2030 through B2 programs, master's programs and online courses, and AI+ will integrate the basic course of AI literacy into the school curriculum.

• China is stepping up its participation in global AI regulatory initiatives under the auspices of the United Nations, promoting a model of inclusive dialogue and technology exchange with developing countries.​

Regulation, ethics and standards

• Unified national standards for foundationmodels and safe use of AI will be adopted, and the AI+ regulatory framework will be supplemented with measures for auditing algorithms and protecting personal data.

• China will reach a level of comparability with the European Union in terms of ethics and transparency, ensuring compatibility of solutions for technology exports.

Investments and financial mechanisms

• The volume of direct investments in AI startups will grow to 150-200 billion US dollars, including venture, corporate and government funds.

• The AI Accelerator Fund and regional grant programs will finance more than 2,000 pilot and commercialization projects in various industries.

In sum, by 2030, China will create a balanced, scalable ecosystem of artificial intelligence-from computing power and basic models to implementation in socio-economic processes, supported by strong human resources and transparent regulation.

Applications

Map of key players

Regional map of the AI innovation ecosystem in China:

• Beijing Agglomeration: Baidu (ERNIE developer), Huawei (Ascend), Zhipu AI (GLM), Zhongguancun AI Park

• Shanghai Cluster: SenseTime, iFlytek, Shanghai AI Laboratory, Alibaba (Qwen) in the Yangtze Delta

• Hangzhou Cluster: Zhejiang Lab / China AI Town, Alibaba Cloud Pilot Sites, NetEase​

• Guangzhou-Shenzhen: Tencent (Hunyuan), Huawei Cloud, Ant Group (AI SDK) to Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau

• Chengdu-Chongqing: Smart Manufacturing Complexes, Sichuan EDWC Hub initiatives​

• EDWC Western Hubs: Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Tibet, Inner Mongolia-Super-data centers with hydropower and backbone networks

Directory of key institutions

• Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence (BAAI): flagship of open models FlagAI, безопасность AI security, AIGC Conference

• Shanghai AI Laboratory: Open Innovation Program, Talent Program, Industry Collaboration​

• China-UK AI Research Centre (Tsinghua-Oxford): Explainable AI and Secure AI

• Sino-US AI Lab Exchange: internships and exchanges for junior researchers

• Zhongguancun Science City (ZGC): Chaoyang Industrial AI Park, Western Beijing AI Science Park​

• China AI Town (Zhejiang Lab): Implementing the "1397" framework, piloting "smart factories" and autonomous transport

• Plug and Play China: тематические акселерационные программыHealthcare, FinTech, and Smart Manufacturing themed acceleration Programs

• ZGC Innovation and Incubation Alliance: grants up to 5 million yuan, скидки cloud discounts, mentoring of leading corporations

Conclusions and recommendations

General conclusions

1.     China has built a balanced artificial intelligence ecosystem that unites government, corporate and academic structures.

2.     Computing power and microelectronics are becoming the core of the country's technological sovereignty.

3.     Mass adoption of AI is integrated into the economy as a structural element of development.

4.     Infrastructure and human resources programs (AI+, 1397, EDWC) ensure sustainable growth of the sector.

5.     China is leading the world in terms of patents, basic models, and AI startups.

6.     The main risk is related to centralization and dependence on internal chip suppliers.

7.     External partners can participate in cluster and open-source initiatives.

Recommendations based on China's experience in the development of artificial intelligence

1. Managers and owners of large businesses (corporations, state corporations, holdings)

Goal: to increase business efficiency and sustainability through the systematic implementation of AI.

Key recommendations:

1.     Create a corporate AI strategy linked to the overall digital transformation (similar to the Chinese AI+program).

2.     Create internal AI Competence Centers — combine the expertise of IT, analytics, HR, and strategy.

3.     Invest in your computing infrastructure — on-premises data centers, GPU pools, and hybrid clouds.

4.     Develop your own LLM models or adapt domestic open-source solutions (Fine-tuning and / or RAG)

5.     Move from pilots to industrial implementations — implement AI in operational processes, procurement, support, sales.

6.     Create partnerships with universities and research institutes for training.

7.     Use China's experience in AI regulation-voluntary certification and audit of algorithms will increase the confidence of the market and regulators.

Result: formation of the company's internal " AI ecosystem — - infrastructure + personnel + models + corporate data.

2. Managers and owners of small and medium-sized businesses (SMEs)

Goal: to increase competitiveness and reduce costs through available AI tools.

Key recommendations:

1.     Use ready-made AI platforms and SaaSservices without building an infrastructure from scratch (YandexGPT, Beac, GigaChat, Kandinsky, CoPilot, etc.).

2.     Automate repetitive processes: document management, order processing, marketing, and recruitment.

3.     Implement chat assistants for clients — on your website, in Telegram, WhatsApp, or CRM.

4.     Use generative AI for marketing: texts, banners, videos, and SEO descriptions.

5.     Invest in data analytics — understanding customers and forecasting demand.

6.     Team up with other companies in the region in mini-clusters (based on the Chinese clustering principle).

7.     Use government measures to support AI and digitalization (Ministry of Digital Development of the Russian Federation, national project "Digital Economy").

The result: reduced operating costs by 10-30% and increased productivity without large-scale investments.

3. IT company managers and developers

Goal: to find strategic niches and scale products against the backdrop of the transition to an AI economy.

Key recommendations:

1.     Focus on industry-specific AI solutions: industry, agribusiness, finance, education, and medicine.

2.     Create open-source libraries and frameworks, just like China's BAAI (FlagAI) or Huawei (MindSpore).

3.     Integrate LLM into existing products — CRM, ERP, call centers, BI platforms.

4.     Develop multi-modal solutions (text + image + speech) aimed at the Russian-speaking market.

5.     Form consortia and AI alliances — team up with universities and venture funds for R & D.

6.     Export technologies to friendly countries, using the Chinese experience of transfer through joint ventures.

The result: the formation of an export-oriented IT industry that can compete technologically, and not just by price.

4. Ordinary people (citizens, students, specialists)

Goal: to adapt to the era of AI, increase personal efficiency and competitiveness.

Key recommendations:

1.     Master basic AI literacy — understanding how models work and where they are applied.

2.     Use AI in your daily work: Copilot, ChatGPT, Claude, Notion AI, Midjourney, Runway, etc.

3.     Develop the skills of the "person next to AI" — the ability to formulate queries, analyze and interpret results.

4.     Focus on creative, analytical, and managerial skills that are enhanced by AI, not replaced by it.

5.     Follow the development of ethics and legislation-understand the rights, risks and data protection.

6.     Take free online courses on AI and Data Science (Coursera, Stepik, MIPT, ITMO, AI Alliance Russia).

7.     Use AI for personal growth: training, career planning, fitness, finance, self-organization.

The result: increased personal productivity by 1.5-2 times and resistance to technological changes in the labor market.

List of sources

The artificial intelligence market in China in 2025.pdf

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List of sources for the section "Scale and dynamics of the Artificial Intelligence market in China"

Scientific and analytical publications

1.     Stanford University Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence. The 2025 AI Index Report: Economy. Stanford, 2024. URL: https://hai.stanford.edu/ai-index/2025-ai-index-report/economy (accessed: 20.10.2025).

2.     World Economic Forum. China's Path to AI-Powered Industry Transformation. Geneva, 2025. URL: https://reports.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Blueprint_to_Action_Chinas_Path_to_AI-Powered_Industry_Transformation_2025.pdf (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).

Reports from consulting and research companies

3.     Grand View Research. China Artificial Intelligence Market Size & Outlook, 2033. December 2022. URL: https://www.grandviewresearch.com/horizon/outlook/artificial-intelligence-market/china (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).

4.     Statista. Artificial Intelligence - China | Statista Market Forecast. October 2025. URL: https://www.statista.com/outlook/tmo/artificial-intelligence/china (accessed: 20.10.2025).

5.     Statista. Generative AI - China | Statista Market Forecast. October 2025. URL: https://www.statista.com/outlook/tmo/artificial-intelligence/generative-ai/china (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).

6.     Credence Research. China Artificial Intelligence Market Size, Share and Trends Analysis Report. March 2025. URL: https://www.credenceresearch.com/report/china-artificial-intelligence-market (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).

7.     Fortune Business Insights. China Artificial Intelligence Market Size, Share. October 2024. URL: https://www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/china-artificial-intelligence-market-113974 (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).

8.     Mordor Intelligence. China ICT Market Size, Growth Outlook Forecast 2025. June 2025. URL: https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/china-ict-market (accessed: 20.10.2025).

Investment banking analysis materials

9.     Morgan Stanley. AI in China: A Sleeping Giant Awakens. May 2025. URL: https://www.morganstanley.com/insights/articles/china-ai-becoming-global-leader (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).

10.Goldman Sachs. What advanced AI means for China's economic outlook. March 2025. URL: https://www.goldmansachs.com/insights/articles/what-advanced-ai-means-for-chinas-economic-outlook (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).

11.Roland Berger. Five key trends in China's generative AI market in 2025. March 2025. URL: https://www.rolandberger.com/en/Insights/Publications/Five-key-trends-in-China-s-generative-AI-market-in-2025.html (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).

News and industry publications

12.TechWire Asia. China to deploy $98bn in AI investment this year amid US rivalry. September 2025. URL: https://techwireasia.com/2025/06/china-ai-investment-98-billion-2025-us-rivalry/ (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).

13.South China Morning Post. China's AI capital spending set to reach up to US$98 billion in 2025 amid rivalry with US. June 2025. URL: https://www.scmp.com/tech/tech-war/article/3315805/chinas-ai-capital-spending-set-reach-us98-billion-2025-amid-rivalry-us (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).

14.South China Morning Post. China bets on AI to pump trillions into economy amid national computing push. August 2025. URL: https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3323046/china-bets-ai-pump-trillions-economy-amid-national-computing-push (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).

15.China Internet Week News. 515 million! China's generative AI users doubled in half a year. October 2025. URL: https://www.aibase.com/news/22091 (accessed: 20.10.2025).

16.Xinhua News Agency. China's generative AI users double to 515 mln: report. October 2025. URL: https://english.news.cn/20251018/93095f47288e403bbb4ee876ce00ff49/c.html (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).

17.Xinhua News Agency. China Focus: China's generative AI users double to 515 mln. October 2025. URL: https://english.news.cn/20251018/33b55c83b8d84a3eb05c0feb91490c16/c.html (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).

18.TechNode. Meet China's top six AI unicorns: who are leading the wave of AI in China. January 2025. URL: https://technode.com/2025/01/09/meet-chinas-top-six-ai-unicorns-who-are-leading-the-wave-of-ai-in-china/ (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).

19.China Briefing. Understanding China's AI + Manufacturing Roadmap: Implications on FIEs. September 2025. URL: https://www.china-briefing.com/news/understanding-chinas-ai-manufacturing-roadmap-implications-on-fies/ (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).

20.Task Virtual. The Rise of New Chinese AI in 2025. May 2025. URL: https://www.taskvirtual.com/blog/the-rise-of-new-chinese-ai-in-2025/ (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).

Specialized analytical platforms

21.Gradient Flow. Inside China's AI Registry. June 2025. URL: https://gradientflow.com/inside-chinas-ai-registry/ (accessed on 20.10.2025).

22.China Innovation Watch. China AI Startups Lead Global Patent Race. April 2025. URL: https://www.ciw.news/p/china-ai-patents (accessed: 20.10.2025).

23.Ara Packe Law. AI Patents by Country Revealed: The Top 15 Nations. May 2025. URL: https://arapackelaw.com/patents/ai-patents-by-country/ (accessed on 20.10.2025).

24.Thunderbit. AI Unicorn Stats 2025: Number & Trends. May 2025. URL: https://thunderbit.com/blog/ai-unicorn-stats-2025 (accessed: 20.10.2025).

25.Visual Capitalist. Visualizing Unicorns by Country in 2025. July 2025. URL: https://www.visualcapitalist.com/unicorns-by-country-in-2025/ (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).

26.Beinsure. Largest Unicorn Startups in China in 2025. August 2025. URL: https://beinsure.com/ranking/startups-china/ (accessed on 20.10.2025).

Legal and regulatory sources

27.Chambers and Partners. Healthcare AI 2025 - China - Global Practice Guides. August 2025. URL: https://practiceguides.chambers.com/practice-guides/healthcare-ai-2025/china/trends-and-developments (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).

28.Bird & Bird. China Cybersecurity and Data Protection: Monthly Update. May 2025. URL: https://www.twobirds.com/en/insights/2025/china/china-cybersecurity-and-data-protection-monthly-update-may-2025-issue (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).

29.Bird & Bird. China Cybersecurity and Data Protection: Monthly Update. September 2025. URL: https://www.twobirds.com/en/insights/2025/china/china-cybersecurity-and-data-protection-monthly-update-september-2025-issue (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).

Expert assessments and forecasts

30.The Nota. China's AI Boom: $4.2 Trillion Contribution to Global Economy by 2035. November 2024. URL: https://thenota.com/post/2023/dec/15/china-ai-boom/ (accessed on 20.10.2025).

31.World Economic Forum. Why China's AI breakthroughs should come as no surprise. June 2025. URL: https://www.weforum.org/stories/2025/06/china-ai-breakthroughs-no-surprise/ (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).

32.Statista. China: status of generative AI applications in enterprises 2025. July 2025. URL: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1560948/china-status-of-generative-ai-applications-in-enterprises/ (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).

List of sources for the section "Leading manufacturers of computing equipment and promising startups"

Technical specifications and equipment reviews

33.Bitrue. What are Huawei Ascend Chips? Models and Specifications. May 2025. URL: https://www.bitrue.com/blog/huawei-ascend-ai-chip-specs-2025(дата accessedon 20.10.2025).

34.Nexgen Compute. Huawei Ascend 910C vs NVIDIA H100 - AI Chip Comparison. October 2025. URL: https://www.nexgen-compute.com/blog/huawei-ascend-910c-vs-nvidia-h100-ai-chip-comparison (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).

35.Cambricon Technologies. MLU370-X8 智能加速卡 [MLU370-X8 Intelligent Accelerating Card]. December 2021. URL: https://www.cambricon.com/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=lists&catid=406(accessed on 20.10.2025).

36.Federal Communications Commission. MLU370-M8 Intelligent Accelerating Card Product Manual. URL: https://fcc.report/FCC-ID/2ARVF-MLU370-M8/5528126.pdf(accessed on 20.10.2025).

37.AFOX Corporation. AFDCU-Z100-HG64A [Hygon DCU Z100 Specifications]. URL: https://www.afox-corp.com/show-136-624-1.html(accessed on 20.10.2025).

Analytical materials and roadmaps

38.Convequity. Huawei Ascend AI Chip Roadmap & System level Analysis. September 2025. URL: https://convequity.substack.com/p/huawei-ascend-ai-chip-roadmap-and(accessed on 20.10.2025).

39.Huawei Technologies. Groundbreaking SuperPoD Interconnect: Leading a New Era of AI Infrastructure Innovation. September 2025. URL: https://www.huawei.com/en/news/2025/9/hc-xu-keynote-speech(accessed on 20.10.2025).

40.RCR Wireless. Huawei outlines roadmap for Ascend AI chips. September 2025. URL: https://www.rcrwireless.com/20250922/ai-infrastructure/huawei-ai-chips (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).

41.Huawei Central. Huawei Ascend 920 AI chip could officially debut in H2 2025. April 2025. URL: https://www.huaweicentral.com/huawei-ascend-920-ai-chip-could-officially-debut-in-h2-2025/ (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).

42.TrendForce. [News] Hurdles in Acquiring NVIDIA's High-End Products: Assessing the Progress of Eight Chinese AI Chip Manufacturers in Self-Development. February 2024. URL: https://www.trendforce.com/news/2024/02/22/news-hurdles-in-acquiring-nvidias-high-end-products-assessing-the-progress-of-eight-chinese-ai-chip-manufacturers-in-self-development/ (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).

News and corporate announcements

43.TechNode. Huawei to ship 700000 Ascend AI chips in 2025 despite yield challenges. May 2025. URL: https://technode.com/2025/05/18/huawei-to-ship-700000-ascend-ai-chips-in-2025-despite-yield-challenges/ (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).

44.Reuters. Huawei readies new AI chip for mass shipment as China seeks Nvidia alternatives. April 2025. URL: https://www.reuters.com/world/china/huawei-readies-new-ai-chip-for-mass-shipment-china-seeks-nvidia-alternatives-sources-2025-04-21/ (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).

45.Tom's Hardware. China's Cambricon posts first profit as demand for this Nvidia rival's AI processors explodes. January 2025. URL: https://www.tomshardware.com/tech-industry/artificial-intelligence/chinas-cambricon-posts-first-profit-as-demand-for-this-nvidia-rivals-ai-processors-explodes (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).

46.Bommarito, Michael. Cambricon Technologies [Company Profile]. August 2025. URL: https://michaelbommarito.com/wiki/ai-hardware/cambricon/(accessed on 20.10.2025).

47.AInvest. Biren Technology: China's AI Chip Challenger and the Quest to Disrupt Nvidia Dominance. August 2025. URL: https://www.ainvest.com/news/biren-technology-china-ai-chip-challenger-quest-disrupt-nvidia-dominance-2508/ (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).

48.RS Web Solutions. Biren Technology, China's AI Chip Challenger to Nvidia. August 2025. URL: https://www.rswebsols.com/news/biren-technology-chinas-ai-chip-contender-aiming-to-challenge-nvidias-market-leadership/ (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).

49.South China Morning Post. Chinese AI chip start-up Biren sees performance boost by teaming with Tencent-backed firm. November 2024. URL: https://www.scmp.com/tech/tech-war/article/3285451/chinese-ai-chip-start-biren-sees-performance-boost-teaming-tencent-backed-firm (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).

50.Yahoo Finance. China AI chip firm Biren raises new funds, plans Hong Kong IPO. June 2025. URL: https://finance.yahoo.com/news/china-ai-chip-firm-biren-091512855.html(accessed on 20.10.2025).

51.Investing News. Biren Technology Embarks on IPO Path Amid US Trade Tensions. September 2024. URL: https://investingnews.com/biren-technology-ipo/ (accessed on 20.10.2025).

52.Wikipedia. Biren Technology [Encyclopedia Entry]. February 2023. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biren_Technology(accessed on 20.10.2025).

GPU Startups

53.Wikipedia. Moore Threads [Encyclopedia Entry]. March 2022. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore_Threads(accessed on 20.10.2025).

54.Yahoo Finance. Meet Moore Threads: how former Nvidia vice-president Zhang Jianzhong is building a Chinese GPU giant. October 2025. URL: https://finance.yahoo.com/news/meet-moore-threads-former-nvidia-093000383.html(accessed on 20.10.2025).

55.Serverflow. Moore Threads: China вызов Nvidia и AMD в мире графических процессоров's Challenge to Nvidia and AMD in Graphics Processors. January 2025. URL: https://serverflow.ru/blog/stati/moore-threads-kitayskiy-vyzov-nvidia-i-amd-v-mire-graficheskikh-protsessorov/ (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).

56.WinBuzzer. Leak: Chinese GPU Maker "Moore Threads" MTT S90 GPU Challenges Nvidia's RTX 4060 in Benchmarks. July 2025. URL: https://winbuzzer.com/2025/07/25/leak-chinese-gpu-maker-moore-threads-mtt-s90-gpu-challenges-nvidias-rtx-4060-in-benchmarks-xcxwbn/ (accessed on 20.10.2025).

57.TechNode. Tech influencers leak MTT S90, claim Moore Threads' gaming GPU matches RTX 4060. July 2025. URL: https://technode.com/2025/07/25/tech-influencers-leak-mtt-s90-claim-moore-threads-gaming-gpu-matches-rtx-4060/ (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).

58.Serverflow. Moore Thread Announces MTT S5000: Graphics Accelerators for Chinese AI Factories . August 2025. URL: https://serverflow.ru/blog/novosti/moore-thread-anonsiruet-mtt-s5000-graficheskie-uskoriteli-dlya-kitayskikh-ii-fabrik/ (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).

59.Moore Threads. About Us | Moore Threads. December 2023. URL: https://en.mthreads.com/about(accessed: 20.10.2025).

60.Yicai Global. Chinese Chip Newbie MetaX Bags USD153.8 Million in Series A Round Led by Two State Funds. August 2021. URL: https://www.yicaiglobal.com/news/chinese-chip-newbie-metax-bags-usd1538-million-in-series-a-round-led-by-two-state-funds (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).

61.Yicai Global. Chinese Chip Startup MetaX Raises USD150 Million in Pre-B Round Financing. July 2022. URL: https://www.yicaiglobal.com/news/chinese-chip-startup-metax-raises-usd150-million-in-pre-b-round-financing/ (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).

62.Wikipedia. MetaX [Encyclopedia Entry]. May 2025. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MetaX(accessed: 20.10.2025).

63.Shanghai Stock Exchange. YICAI | Chinese AI Chip Firms MetaX, Moore Threads See IPO Applications Accepted by STAR Market. June 2025. URL: https://english.sse.com.cn/news/newsrelease/voice/c/c_20250626_10783140.shtml (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).

64.TMTPost. China's GPU Chip Startups Moore Threads and MetaX Officially File for IPO. June 2025. URL: https://en.tmtpost.com/post/7612583(accessed: 20.10.2025).

65.Reuters. Two Chinese chip firms plan $1.7 billion IPOs, bet US export curbs spur growth. July 2025. URL: https://www.reuters.com/world/china/two-chinese-chip-firms-plan-17-billion-ipos-bet-us-export-curbs-spur-growth-2025-07-01/ (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).

Компания Iluvatar Iluvatar CoreX Company

66.Techpoint Africa. Top AI Chip Makers - Leaders Powering the Future of Technology. September 2025. URL: https://techpoint.africa/guide/top-ai-chip-makers-leaders-powering-the-future-of-technology/ (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).

67.RiseUnion. Rise VAST Completes Compatibility Certification with Iluvatar CoreX AI Accelerators. November 2024. URL: https://www.theriseunion.com/blog/iluvatar-compatibility.html(accessed: 20.10.2025).

68.Bloomberg. AI Chipmaker Iluvatar CoreX Is Said to Mull Hong Kong IPO. August 2025. URL: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-08-13/ai-chipmaker-iluvatar-corex-is-said-to-mull-hong-kong-ipo (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).

69.China Daily. AI chipmaker Iluvatar CoreX is said to mull Hong Kong IPO. August 2025. URL: https://www.chinadailyhk.com/hk/article/617851(accessed: 20.10.2025).

70.EqualOcean. Iluvatar CoreX | Briefing, News, Analysis, Research, Data. March 2025. URL: https://equalocean.com/company/iluvatar-corex(accessed: 20.10.2025).

Company Hygon and integration

71.RiseUnion. RiseUnion Completes Compatibility Certification with Hygon DCU. November 2024. URL: https://www.theriseunion.com/blog/dcu-compatibility.html(accessed: 20.10.2025).

72.Tom's Hardware. DeepSeek's new AI model debuts with support for China's Huawei CANN and Hygon DTK software stacks. September 2025. URL: https://www.tomshardware.com/tech-industry/deepseek-new-model-supports-huawei-cann (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).

73.BusinessWire. Whole Machines Contribute to the Development of the "Belt and Road": Empowering a New Digital Future with High-End Computing Power Infrastructure. September 2025. URL: https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20250909605394/en/Whole-Machines-Contribute-to-the-Development-of-the-Belt-and-Road-Empowering-a-New-Digital-Future-with-High-End-Computing-Power-Infrastructure (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).

Production facilities and development plans

74.TrendForce. [News] SMIC 1H25 Net Profit Rises 35.6%, 7nm Capacity Reportedly to Double in 2026. August 2025. URL: https://www.trendforce.com/news/2025/08/29/news-smic-1h25-net-profit-rises-35-6-7nm-capacity-reportedly-to-double-in-2026/ (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).

75.SemiAnalysis. Huawei Ascend Production Ramp: Die Banks, TSMC Alternatives, and SMIC Capacity. September 2025. URL: https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/huawei-ascend-production-ramp (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).

76.Hindustan Times. China aims to triple AI chip production in 2026 to cut Nvidia dependency. August 2025. URL: https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/china-aims-to-triple-ai-chip-production-in-2026-to-cut-nvidia-dependency-101756293702930.html (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).

77.SemiWiki Forum. SMIC Q2 2025 Earnings and Commentary. August 2025. URL: https://semiwiki.com/forum/threads/smic-q2-2025-earnings-and-commentary.23371/(accessed: 20.10.2025).

78.Reuters. Can TSMC and Samsung make AI chips designed by Chinese firms? September 2025. URL: https://www.investing.com/news/stock-market-news/can-tsmc-and-samsung-make-ai-chips-designed-by-chinese-firms-4249286 (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).

Investment and financing of the industry

79.SQ Magazine. AI Chip Statistics 2025: Funding, Startups & Industry Giants. October 2025. URL: https://sqmagazine.co.uk/ai-chip-statistics/(accessed on 20.10.2025).

80.JoinEta. AI Startup Funding Surge: Notable Rounds from June 2025. June 2025. URL: https://www.joineta.org/blog/ai-startup-funding-surge-notable-rounds-from-june-2025 (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).

81.Global Venturing. Chinese corporations ramp up investments in AI and chips. March 2025. URL: https://globalventuring.com/corporate/asia/february-2025-data-china-ai-chips/ (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).

82.Sinolytics. China's AI Chip Startups Rush Toward IPOs in 2025. July 2025. URL: https://sinolytics.de/global-business-news/blog/china-business/china-ai-chip-ipos-2025/ (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).

83.Seedtable. 69 Best Artificial Intelligence AI Startups in China to Watch in 2025. October 2025. URL: https://www.seedtable.com/best-artificial-intelligence-ai-startups-in-china(accessed on 20.10.2025).

84.Seedtable. 69 Best Startups in China to Watch in 2025. October 2025. URL: https://www.seedtable.com/best-startups-in-china(accessed on 20.10.2025).

List of sources for the section "Software Developers: basic models and application solutions"

85.Alibaba Qwen: official website of the model family and assistant; access to products and documentation; URL: https://qwen.ai(accessed on 20.10.2025).qwen​

86.Alibaba Cloud Model Studio: Qwen Flagship model catalog and terms of use; URL: https://www.alibabacloud.com/help/en/model-studio/models(accessed on 20.10.2025).alibabacloud​

87.Qwen repository on GitHub: open weights and development tools; URL: https://github.com/QwenLM/Qwen(accessed on 20.10.2025).github​

88.Qwen2. 5‑Max: official blog about architecture and model training using a mix of experts; URL: https://qwenlm.github.io/blog/qwen2.5-max/(accessed on 20.10.2025).qwenlm.github​

89.Alibaba Group: press‑release on the launch of new Qwen3 models for programming, reasoning and translation; URL: https://www.alibabagroup.com/document-1886524500057522176(accessed on 20.10.2025).alibabagroup​

90.Qwen: encyclopedia information about the model family, versions, and licenses; URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qwen(accessed on 20.10.2025).wikipedia​

91.PaddlePaddle ERNIE: official repository of the ERNIE 4.5 multimodal series and ERNIEKit toolsERNIEKit; URL: https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/ERNIE(accessed on 20.10.2025).github​

92.Baidu: ERNIE 4.5 and ERNIE X1 announcements with a focus on accessibility and cost reduction; URL: https://www.artificialintelligence-news.com/news/baidu-undercuts-rival-ai-models-ernie-4-5-and-ernie-x1/ (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).artificialintelligence-news​

93.Baidu ERNIE 5: plans to launch a new version of the basic model in the second half of 2025; URL: https://dig.watch/updates/baidu-to-launch-ernie-5-ai-in-2025(accessed on 20.10.2025).dig​

94.Baidu Wave Summit 2025: opening the ERNIE‑4.5 code and updating PaddlePaddle; URL: https://www.therift.ai/news-feed/baidu-unveils-ernie-x1-1-open-sources-ernie-4-5-and-updates-paddlepaddle-at-wave-summit-2025 (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).therift​

95.ERNIE X1. 1: Press‑release about the reasoning‑model and metrics, as well as the opening of ERNIE‑4.5‑21B‑A3B‑Thinking; URL: https://laotiantimes.com/2025/09/09/baidu-unveils-reasoning-model-ernie-x1-1-with-upgrades-in-key-capabilities/ (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).laotiantimes​

96.Tencent HunyuanVideo: a system for generating videos based on a large model; repository; URL: https://github.com/Tencent-Hunyuan/HunyuanVideo(accessed on 20.10.2025).github​

97.Tencent Hunyuan3D‑2: highly detailed generation of three-dimensional objects; repository; URL: https://github.com/Tencent-Hunyuan/Hunyuan3D-2(accessed on 20.10.2025).github​

98.Hunyuan3D‑2: official website of the product for generating three-dimensional models based on text; URL: https://hunyuan-3d.com(accessed on 20.10.2025).hunyuan-3d​

99.Hunyuan 3D 2.5: overview of the update with a two-stage architecture for geometry and textures; URL: https://www.vset3d.com/hunyuan-3d-2-5-ai-3d-generation-with-360-views/ (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).vset3d​

100.                   ByteDance Doubao: application of the large ByteDance language model in consumer devices and access via the Volcano Engine platform; URL: https://techcrunch.com/2025/01/15/tiktok-owner-bytedance-powered-an-e-readers-unhinged-ai-assistant/ (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).techcrunch​

101.                   ByteDance Doubao: market share of public cloud services of a large language model in China and update to version 1.6; URL: https://www.caixinglobal.com/2025-10-16/bytedances-ai-model-nears-50-share-of-chinas-cloud-market-102372303.html (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).caixinglobal​

102.                   ByteDance: analytical analysis of the Doubao platform Doubaoand its evolution up to version 1.6; URL: https://aiproem.substack.com/p/bytedances-ai-legacy-and-strategy(accessed: 20.10.2025).aiproem.substack​

103.                   ByteDance: overview of ecosystem growth and the role of Doubao and Volcano Engine in the market of a large language model; URL: https://ashleydudarenok.com/rise-of-bytedance/(accessed on 20.10.2025).ashleydudarenok​

104.                   ByteDance Doubao‑1.5‑Pro: announcement of the reasoning‑model with the "deep reflection" mode and comparable benchmarks; URL: https://www.marktechpost.com/2025/01/25/bytedance-ai-introduces-doubao-1-5-pro-language-model-with-a-deep-thinking-mode-and-matches-gpt-4o-and-claude-3-5-sonnet-benchmarks-at-50x-cheaper/ (accessed: 20.10.2025).marktechpost​

105.                   Zhipu AI GLM‑4.5: official technical blog about features for reasoning, programming, and agent-based systems; URL: https://z.ai/blog/glm-4.5(accessed: 20.10.2025).z​

106.                   Zhipu AI GLM‑4.5 V: multimodal reasoning‑model and its key innovations; URL: https://www.marktechpost.com/2025/08/12/zhipu-ai-releases-glm-4-5v-versatile-multimodal-reasoning-with-scalable-reinforcement-learning/ (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).marktechpost​

107.                   Zhipu AI GLM‑4.5: overview of the series and parameters of activated experts; URL: https://www.cometapi.com/zhipu-ai-releases-glm-4.5/(accessed on 20.10.2025).cometapi​

108.                   Zhipu AI GLM‑4.5: repository and documentation for using application programming interfaces; URL: https://github.com/zai-org/GLM-4.5(accessed on 20.10.2025).github​

109.                   DeepSeek‑V3. 2‑Exp: technical news about the experimental version with sparse attention; URL: https://api-docs.deepseek.com/news/news250929(accessed on 20.10.2025).api-docs.deepseek​

110.                   DeepSeek‑V3: a large model repository with a mix of experts and activation parameters; URL: https://github.com/deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-V3(accessed on 20.10.2025).github​

111.                   DeepSeek: a comparative guide to the V3, R1, V3.1, and V3.2 model versions, as well as deployment recommendations; URL: https://www.bentoml.com/blog/the-complete-guide-to-deepseek-models-from-v3-to-r1-and-beyond (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).bentoml​

112.                   DeepSeek: overview on the SiliconFlow platform SiliconFlowwith metrics, context, and architecture; URL: https://www.siliconflow.com/articles/en/the-best-deepseek-ai-models-in-2025 (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).siliconflow​

113.                   DeepSeek v3: official site with features, parameters, and demo; URL: https://deepseekv3.org(accessed: 20.10.2025).deepseekv3​

114.                   Shanghai AI Lab: official website of the laboratory (initiatives, open platforms, partnerships); URL: https://www.shlab.org.cn(accessed: 20.10.2025).shlab​

115.                   InternLM: technical report of the Shanghai AI Lab team and partners; URL: https://github.com/InternLM/InternLM-techreport(accessed: 20.10.2025).github​

116.                   InternLM: article‑overview of a series of models and training on large-scale data sets; URL: https://the-decoder.com/with-internlm-china-enters-the-race-for-large-language-models/ (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).the-decoder​

117.                   SenseTime and Shanghai AI Lab: presentation of the INTERN general computer vision paradigm and the OpenGVLab open platformOpenGVLab; URL: https://www.sensetime.com/en/news-detail/41164397?CategoryID=1072(accessed: 10/20/2025).sensetime​

118.                   SenseTime: official "About" section with descriptions of research areas and products; URL: https://www.sensetime.com/en/about-index(accessed: 20.10.2025).sensetime​

119.                   Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence: Organization profile and artifacts on the Hugging Face platform; URL: https://huggingface.co/BAAI(accessed: 20.10.2025).huggingface​

120.                   Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence: an encyclopedia of activities and projects; URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Academy_of_Artificial_Intelligence (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).wikipedia​

121.                   MiniMax AI: official website of the platform and services for developers; URL: https://www.minimax.io(accessed on 20.10.2025).minimax​

122.                   MiniMax‑M1: open weights of a large reasoning‑model with hybrid attention; repository; URL: https://github.com/MiniMax-AI/MiniMax-M1(accessed on 20.10.2025).github​

123.                   MiniMax‑M1: review of the first hybrid reasoning model opened by weights‑моделя; URL: https://www.cometapi.com/minimax-releases-minimax%E2%80%91m1/ (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).cometapi​

124.                   MiniMax‑M1 80K: model card and terms of use via the Together interface; URL: https://www.together.ai/models/minimax-m1-80k(accessed on 20.10.2025).together​

125.                   MiniMax‑M1‑80k: model page on the SiliconFlow platform SiliconFlowwith parameters and restrictions; URL: https://www.siliconflow.com/models/minimax-m1-80k(accessed on 20.10.2025).siliconflow​

126.                   Moonshot AI: news about raising more than one billion US dollars in funding and evaluating the company; URL: https://www.thesaasnews.com/news/moonshot-ai-raises-1-billion-in-funding (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).thesaasnews​

127.                   Moonshot AI: an encyclopedia of the company, investors, and valuation; URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonshot_AI(accessed on 20.10.2025).wikipedia​

128.                   Moonshot AI: data about the company, funding rounds, and investors; URL: https://app.dealroom.co/companies/moonshot_ai_1(accessed on 20.10.2025).dealroom​

129.                   Moonshot AI: summary of the total amount of funds raised and key investors; URL: https://www.clay.com/dossier/moonshot-ai-funding(accessed on 20.10.2025).clay​

130.                   Dubao vs DeepSeek: a comparative review of Chinese chat‑assistant market leaders; URL: https://www.secondtalent.com/resources/doubao-vs-deepseek/(accessed on 20.10.2025).secondtalent​

131.                   Overview of large-scale Chinese open models: a list of leaders, trends, and licensing (September 2025); URL: https://intuitionlabs.ai/articles/chinese-open-source-llms-2025 (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).intuitionlabs​

132.                   China's dominance in the field of open models: an analytical publication on the significance and consequences for the market; URL: https://thediplomat.com/2025/07/china-now-dominates-open-source-ai-how-much-does-that-matter/ (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).thediplomat​

133.                   China No. 313: overview of the "big five" companies of basic models in China; URL: https://chinai.substack.com/p/chinai-313-chinas-big-5-foundation(accessed on 20.10.2025).chinai.substack​

134.                   Omdia Universe: Overview of Chinese commercial base models and comparative analysis of suppliers (issue 2024-2025); URL: https://omdia.tech.informa.com/om129586/omdia-universe-chinese-commercial-foundation-models-2025 (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).omdia.tech.informa​

List of sources for the section "Infrastructure programs and industry support"

135.                   ScienceDirect. The “Eastern Data and Western Computing” Initiative in China. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095809924005058(accessed: 20.10.2025).sciencedirect​

136.                   Jamestown Foundation. Energy and AI Coordination in the ‘Eastern Data Western Computing’ Plan. March 2025. URL: https://jamestown.org/program/energy-and-ai-coordination-in-the-eastern-data-western-computing-plan/ (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).jamestown​

137.                   Reuters. China plans network to sell surplus computing power in eastern-data-western-computing initiative. July 2025. URL: https://www.reuters.com/technology/china-plans-network-sell-surplus-computing-power-crackdown-data-centre-glut-2025-07-24/ (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).reuters​

138.                   WiChina Internet. China charging ahead in computing power. May 2025. URL: https://www.wicinternet.org/2025-05/20/c_1093567.htm(accessed: 20.10.2025).wicinternet​

139.                   Zhongguancun Science City. Zhongguancun Software Park overview. December 2021. URL: https://zgc.ncsti.gov.cn/services/space/park/?id=725b4f71cd9d374269e925eaf20d783b (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).zgc.ncsti​

140.                   China.org.cn. Phase one of Zhongguancun AI park completes construction. June 2025. URL: http://www.china.org.cn/2025-06/19/content_117936913.shtml(accessed: 20.10.2025).china​

141.                   Beijing Municipal Government. China’s First Industrial AI Industrial Park Unveiled. April 2025. URL: https://english.beijing.gov.cn/beijinginfo/sci/latesttrends/202504/t20250402_4053614.html (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).english.beijing​

142.                   IASP. New AI park in Beijing. August 2025. URL: https://www.iasp.ws/activities/news/new-ai-park-in-beijing(accessed: 20.10.2025).iasp​

143.                   Zhongguancun Science City. Zhongguancun Science City to Establish New AI Innovation Park. May 2022. URL: http://english.beijing.gov.cn/beijinginfo/sci/latesttrend/latesttrendlist/202205/t20220511_2706843.html (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).english.beijing​

144.                   Shanghai AI Laboratory. Official website. July 2025. URL: https://www.shlab.org.cn(accessed: 20.10.2025).shlab​

145.                   Wikipedia. Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence. March 2023. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Academy_of_Artificial_Intelligence (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).wikipedia​

146.                   Hugging Face. BAAI (Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence) model hub. October 2025. URL: https://huggingface.co/BAAI(accessed: 20.10.2025).huggingface​

147.                   Chelidze-D. Analysis of the state plan of the State Council of China "AI+" (China AI Plus 2035). August 2025. URL: https://www.chelidze-d.com/post/china-ai-plus-2035(accessed: 20.10.2025).chelidze-d​

148.                   Chelidze-D. 1397 Strategy for AI development in China. URL: https://www.chelidze-d.com/post/ai-strategy-1397(accessed: 20.10.2025).chelidze-d​

List of sources for the section "Geography and structure of innovative ecosystems"

149.                   ScienceDirect. The “Eastern Data and Western Computing” Initiative in China. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095809924005058(accessed: 20.10.2025).sciencedirect​

150.                   Jamestown Foundation. Energy and AI Coordination in the ‘Eastern Data Western Computing’ Plan. March 2025. URL: https://jamestown.org/program/energy-and-ai-coordination-in-the-eastern-data-western-computing-plan/ (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).jamestown​

151.                   Reuters. China plans network to sell surplus computing power in eastern-data-western-computing initiative. July 2025. URL: https://www.reuters.com/technology/china-plans-network-sell-surplus-computing-power-crackdown-data-centre-glut-2025-07-24/ (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).reuters​

152.                   WiChina Internet. China charging ahead in computing power. May 2025. URL: https://www.wicinternet.org/2025-05/20/c_1093567.htm(accessed: 20.10.2025).wicinternet​

153.                   Zhongguancun Science City. Zhongguancun Software Park overview. December 2021. URL: https://zgc.ncsti.gov.cn/services/space/park/?id=725b4f71cd9d374269e925eaf20d783b (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).zgc.ncsti​

154.                   China.org.cn. Phase one of Zhongguancun AI park completes construction. June 2025. URL: http://www.china.org.cn/2025-06/19/content_117936913.shtml(accessed: 20.10.2025).china​

155.                   Beijing Municipal Government. China’s First Industrial AI Industrial Park Unveiled. April 2025. URL: https://english.beijing.gov.cn/beijinginfo/sci/latesttrends/202504/t20250402_4053614.html (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).english.beijing​

156.                   IASP. New AI park in Beijing. August 2025. URL: https://www.iasp.ws/activities/news/new-ai-park-in-beijing(accessed: 20.10.2025).iasp​

157.                   Zhongguancun Science City. Zhongguancun Science City to Establish New AI Innovation Park. May 2022. URL: http://english.beijing.gov.cn/beijinginfo/sci/latesttrend/latesttrendlist/202205/t20220511_2706843.html (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).english.beijing​

158.                   Shanghai AI Laboratory. Official website. July 2025. URL: https://www.shlab.org.cn(accessed: 20.10.2025).shlab​

159.                   Chelidze-D. Analysis of the state plan of the State Council of China "AI+" (China AI Plus 2035). August 2025. URL: https://www.chelidze-d.com/post/china-ai-plus-2035(accessed: 20.10.2025).chelidze-d​

160.                   Chelidze-D. 1397 Strategy for AI development in China. URL: https://www.chelidze-d.com/post/ai-strategy-1397(accessed: 20.10.2025).chelidze-d​

List of sources for the section "Development Prospects for the period up to 2030"

161.                   Statista. Artificial Intelligence – China | Market Forecast. October 2025. URL: https://www.statista.com/outlook/tmo/artificial-intelligence/china(дата accessed: 20.10.2025) chelidze-d​.

162.                   Goldman Sachs. What advanced AI means for China’s economic outlook. March 2025. URL: https://www.goldmansachs.com/insights/articles/what-advanced-ai-means-for-chinas-economic-outlook (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).goldmansachs​

163.                   Statista. Generative AI – China | Market Forecast. October 2025. URL: https://www.statista.com/outlook/tmo/artificial-intelligence/generative-ai/china (дата обращения: 20.10.2025) statista​.

164.                   Chelidze-D. Analysis of the state plan of the State Council of China "AI+" (China AI Plus 2035). August 2025. URL: https://www.chelidze-d.com/post/china-ai-plus-2035(accessed: 20.10.2025).chelidze-d​

165.                   Chelidze-D. 1397 Strategy for AI development in China. URL: https://www.chelidze-d.com/post/ai-strategy-1397(accessed: 20.10.2025).chelidze-d​

166.                   ScienceDirect. The “Eastern Data and Western Computing” Initiative in China. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095809924005058(accessed: 20.10.2025).sciencedirect​

167.                   IntuitionLabs. An Overview of Chinese Open-Source LLMs (Sept 2025). September 2025. URL: https://intuitionlabs.ai/articles/chinese-open-source-llms-2025 (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).intuitionlabs​

168.                   Omdia. Omdia Universe: Chinese Commercial Foundation Model, 2024. April 2025. URL: https://omdia.tech.informa.com/om129586/omdia-universe-chinese-commercial-foundation-models-2025 (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).omdia.tech.informa​

169.                   Statista. China: status of generative AI applications in enterprises 2025. July 2025. URL: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1560948/china-status-of-generative-ai-applications-in-enterprises/ (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).statista​

170.                   Morgan Stanley. AI in China: A Sleeping Giant Awakens. May 2025. URL: https://www.morganstanley.com/insights/articles/china-ai-becoming-global-leader (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).morganstanley​

171.                   Precedenceresearch. Artificial Intelligence Market Size to Hit USD ... 2025. September 2025. URL: https://www.precedenceresearch.com/artificial-intelligence-market(дата accessed: 20.10.2025).precedenceresearch​

172.                   Grand View Research. China Artificial Intelligence Market Size & Outlook, 2033. December 2022. URL: https://www.grandviewresearch.com/horizon/outlook/artificial-intelligence-market/china (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).grandviewresearch​

173.                   Chelidze-D. Analysis of the state plan of the State Council of China "AI+": implementation in industry and agriculture. August 2025. URL: https://www.chelidze-d.com/post/china-ai-plus-2035(accessed: 20.10.2025).chelidze-d​

174.                   AI Index Report 2025. Economy. Stanford HAI. September 2024. URL: https://hai.stanford.edu/ai-index/2025-ai-index-report/economy(дата accessed: 20.10.2025).hai.stanford​

List of sources for the Applications section

175.                   Zhongguancun Science City. Zhongguancun Software Park overview. December 2021. URL: https://zgc.ncsti.gov.cn/services/space/park/?id=725b4f71cd9d374269e925eaf20d783b (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).zgc.ncsti​

176.                   China.org.cn. Phase one of Zhongguancun AI park completes construction. June 2025. URL: http://www.china.org.cn/2025-06/19/content_117936913.shtml(accessed: 20.10.2025).china​

177.                   Beijing Municipal Government. China’s First Industrial AI Industrial Park Unveiled. April 2025. URL: https://english.beijing.gov.cn/beijinginfo/sci/latesttrends/202504/t20250402_4053614.html (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).english.beijing​

178.                   Shanghai AI Laboratory. Official website. July 2025. URL: https://www.shlab.org.cn(accessed: 20.10.2025).shlab​

179.                   Chelidze-D. Analysis of the state plan of the State Council of China "AI+" (China AI Plus 2035). August 2025. URL: https://www.chelidze-d.com/post/china-ai-plus-2035(accessed: 20.10.2025).chelidze-d​

180.                   Chelidze-D. 1397 Strategy for AI development in China. URL: https://www.chelidze-d.com/post/ai-strategy-1397(accessed: 20.10.2025).chelidze-d​

181.                   Chelidze-D. Hangzhou cluster China AI Town (Zhejiang Lab). URL: https://www.chelidze-d.com/post/ai-strategy-1397(accessed: 20.10.2025).chelidze-d​

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183.                   Hugging Face. BAAI (Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence) model hub. October 2025. URL: https://huggingface.co/BAAI(accessed: 20.10.2025).huggingface​

184.                   Wikipedia. Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence. March 2023. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Academy_of_Artificial_Intelligence (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).wikipedia​

185.                   Statista. Artificial Intelligence – China | Market Forecast. October 2025. URL: https://www.statista.com/outlook/tmo/artificial-intelligence/china(дата accessed: 20.10.2025) chelidze-d​.

186.                   Statista. Generative AI – China | Market Forecast. October 2025. URL: https://www.statista.com/outlook/tmo/artificial-intelligence/generative-ai/china (дата обращения: 20.10.2025) statista​.

187.                   Grand View Research. China Artificial Intelligence Market Size & Outlook, 2033. December 2022. URL: https://www.grandviewresearch.com/horizon/outlook/artificial-intelligence-market/china (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).grandviewresearch​

188.                   ScienceDirect. The “Eastern Data and Western Computing” Initiative in China. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095809924005058(accessed: 20.10.2025).sciencedirect​

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190.                   IntuitionLabs. An Overview of Chinese Open-Source LLMs (Sept 2025). September 2025. URL: https://intuitionlabs.ai/articles/chinese-open-source-llms-2025 (дата обращения: 20.10.2025).intuitionlabs​

191.                   Chelidze-D. Analysis of the state plan of the State Council of China "AI+": social inclusion and mass implementation. August 2025. URL: https://www.chelidze-d.com/post/china-ai-plus-2035(accessed: 20.10.2025).chelidze-d​

192.                   Chelidze-D. Strategy 1397: nine key objectives and implementation mechanisms. URL: https://www.chelidze-d.com/post/ai-strategy-1397(accessed: 20.10.2025).chelidze-d​